Subsea Cables & Internet Infrastructure

In the past most HK and Singapore traffic to the US was routed via Tokyo due to the lack of direct single cable links. The 100G MRCs were and are still today high with the range from the lower 30s to mid-40s. Obviously, the Tokyo routing latency penalty is also very high. It is possible to get 100Gs in the twenties, but only a few 100Gs are available at that price point.  In recent years the hyperscalers have recognized that current routing raises cost per bit, latency, and makes Tokyo a single point of failure on their Pacific networks. As a result, new American Tech cables connect Singapore directly to San Jose Equinix or Los Angeles Coresite data centers. For example, META is the lead consortium partner on the new 12 fibre pair Bifrost cable that lands at Grover Beach, California, Rosarita, Mexico, and Winema, Oregon. Keppel owns several fibre pairs, but only sells fibre pairs and spectrum. Telstra has capacity, but their pricing is not aggressive. In general, th...

A point: SG1. Z point: FR5. Term: 3 Years. Routing: Avoids Marseille and clocks 139 ms RTD. 

 Term: 1 Year. NRC: $10K. Delivery: 8 to 10 weeks. A pt: SG1. Z pt: LA1. Remark: No Bifrost provider currently offers 10G waves.

The EU has given tens of millions of Euros in preliminary development funds to kick start an Arctic cable that would bypass North America and connect Northern Europe to Japan. There have been ongoing efforts for over a decade to execute such a project, the most recent incarnation is Polar Connect. The idea is to create a new, highly diverse and ultra-low latency route linking Europe to Asia that bypasses the politically unstable Middle East and the less-than-friendly and lukewarm American ally. Although there could be some Russian harassment due to concerns about the cable serving as a surveillance tool via sensors attached it, the path looks downright idyllic in terms of the political environment relative to the Middle East. However, a glance at the map shows the immense challenge. One of the unwritten rules of cable deployment is to avoid shallow waters. Most recently built cables head immediately from their landing points to deep sea as quickly as possible. Ships infe...

There is one problem that no arctic cable advocate ever mentions, namely ice scouring. Neither NorduNet nor the Polar Connect team will ever mention this challenge. It is taboo. Here's the problem. Only 10% of an iceberg lies above sea's surface. Salt water is more dense than fresh water and fresh water ice. Hence icebergs are largely undersea and their tooth can extend as deep as 250 meters. In the shallow waters surrounding the Bering Strait the average depth is well under 60 meters. So the tooth or fang of a large iceberg can carve grooves in the sea bed ranging from 50 centimeters to 20 meters. While most ice gouges aare closer to 50 centimeters than 20 meters, deep groves have accumulated on the sea floor. Moreover, the measured depth is not necessarily the original depth of the groove due to sediment burial over time. An iceberg damaged the North Alaskan Quintillian cable in June 2023. It dug a groove 3 meters deep into the sea floor and severed the buried cable. The site...

The map shows the ultimate challenge for any cable crossing the North Pole. The Bering Strait is the exit for any polar project trying to reach Asia. But the average depth is only 30 to 50 meters. As you learned in school, the Bering Strait was a land bridge during the last Ice Age lasting from 37,500 to 12,000 years ago. The lower the temperature, the more water vapor is deposited as snow and ice on land. Hence the oceans recede as temperatures fall.  The construction rule of thumb is to bury a submarine cable when the sea is a thousand meters or less deep. This means a polar cable must be buried for over two thousand kilometers as the map shows. The North Alaskan coastal Quintillion cable's burial depth varies between two and four meters with a maximum of 12 meters. Deep burial is intended to protect the cable from icebergs scraping the sea floor in shallow water. A dual cable design raises per meter cost because the protect path would traverse the more shallow Russian side of t...

The illustration on top shows the Arctic cable's main predator: icebergs. In waters 500 meters or less deep, floating icebergs carve grooves in the seabed floor. These scars are typically one to two meters deep with the record being 15 meters. A fair number of grooves are carved 5 to 8.5 meters into the floor. Known as ice scouring, icebergs have left marks in water as deep as a thousand meters. These comments apply to both the North Pole and the Antarctic. Cables connecting either region to the rest of the world face this challenge. According to a US Government Geological survey, Canada's Beaufort Sea, highlighted in blue, has at least 2,200 ice scouring marks on its sea floor. Quintillion's cable extends into this region. Any cable linking Europe to Asia via the Arctic must go through the Bering Sea. Geological surveys have shown that ice scouring happens every year in the Bering Sea as wind and currents drive ice floes across waters as shallow as 20 meters. Although the ...

Once upon a time we crammed over 20 cables into the Red Sea, gave a lot of money to Egypt's toll collectors, and patted ourselves on the back. Lack of physical diversity? Hey, my consortium buddies see no problems. Let's go have coffee, tea or a beer. Yes, Israel and a good part of the Arab world were in a quiet war. Yes, most governments in the region have no democratic legitimacy and still monitor their people's emails using deep packet inspection. Yes, there are massive economic inequities. Yes, huge religious tensions between Islamic moderates, theocratic Iranians, Shiites, Sunnis, the secular faction, and Messianic Jewish settlers. But hey, everything is cool, so let's keep doing what we've been doing all along. 🙂  Then the world blew up. Yemen has disintegrated into three factions and the Houthis can destroy any ship entering the Red Sea. It took Omantel a half year to convince the Houthis to allow a cable ship to repair Seacom, AAE1, and EIG. ...

Iceland's New Audur Subsea Cable Farice is building a new 16 to 24 fibre pair cable named after an Icelandic matriarch, Audur The Deep Minded, who sailed from Scotland to Iceland in the 9th century during the first wave of migration to the island. The cable lands in Southeast Iceland and in Scotland near Glasgow. The Icelandic backhaul will be fibre, but the British side is most likely spectrum. Farice views Audur as a replacement for the 22 year old FARICE-1. The ship survey will take place in the summer of 2027 with RFS planned for 2030. Audur falls into the monster capacity cable category. Sixteen fibre pairs can easily achieve 320 Tbps with 24 fibre pairs almost reaching a half petabit per second. What is really striking about this is Iceland's population, which although rapidly increasing due to immigration, is just shy of 400K. Undoubtedly, this reflects Farice's bullish assessment of data center demand driven by cheap hydro power and modest cooling needs. Although Ic...

Quintillion was really formed to build a subsea cable from Japan to Europe via the North Pole. It acquired the assets, mostly human capital and preliminary research, of Arctic Fiber in 2016, and as a first step deployed a North Alaskan subsea cable serving coastal communities plus some terrestrial fibre. See the map below on the left.  No expense was spared protecting it from the harsh environment. Quintillion was buried 3.5 to 4.5 meters deep, probably a record, and for landings a bore pipe was deployed. Nonetheless, it was an ultra-high risk project. Icebergs gouge the sea floor as they float. It is called ice scouring. They carve trenches as deep as 15 meters into the sea floor. The fact is that there is no viable protection against them. Moreover, there were no icebreaker cable ships to fix the cable in case of outages. This meant that outages during autumn, winter or spring could not be fixed until late summer. As an example, Quintillion's most recent outage began in January 2...

Amazon plans to dominate the business market for LEO connectivity. Its Ultra phase array antenna in satellite field tests with corporate beta users has simultaneously clocked 1.2 gigabits down and 400 megabits up. Indeed, LEO management has publicly stated that its download performance will be 2x better than Starlink's and enjoy 6x to 8x better uplink performance. The uplink edge is essential to Amazon's strategy. While residential Internet traffic is lopsided with downloads predominating, business and network applications are often symmetric or nearly. Even Starlink's 400 megabit service requires several hours to upload large gigabyte files.   Amazon is targeting mobile operators and IoT aggregation hubs for its 1 gigabit service. Mobile towers are often long distances from the nearest fibre optic network in many countries. Amazon will carry the local traffic back to the mobile operator's POP or data center. Indeed, Amazon's service is ideal for remote data center...

Arianespace will carry 32 Amazon satellites into orbit on April 28th. Amazon has booked a total of 18 launches that will expand the current 250 LEO constellation to 826 birds. For context, Starlink began service in the Northern latitudes when it had 700 operating satellites. So year's end is when competition begins in earnest. However, the Starlink groupies keep trying to move the goal post. They now claim either the company with the most infrastructure wins or they claim that Amazon cannot credibly offer service unless they have several thousands LEOs up and running. But here's reality. There is no real correlation between the amount of infrastructure and business success in telecom. Nor is there is a first mover advantage in telecom. Equinix and Digital Realty were not first movers in the colo industry. But they dominate today. Free came into the French mobile market in 2007, ten years after full liberalization, yet today has over 20% market share and completely...

Lagos is one of the Big Three African subsea cable hubs. It is also notorious for metro outages. Many data center pair fibre paths have multiple outages each week. In contrast, Transmission Co is offering a new OADC/Equinix route in a unique right of way without any outages since going live in early October. Standard transport services include Layer 1 10G, 100G, 400G, and 800G waves available as leases and IRUs. All services are route protected by default and are at a discount to the 'usual suspects'. This metro is designed and managed by the well respected Mark Tinka of Seacom fame. So don't settle for under-performing, over-priced metro garbage. Order the Best from Transmission Co. Contact me and Mark for details and a no-nonsense on-the-spot offer.

META financial reports don't even have an AI revenue category, yet Zuckerberg is spending $125 billion on infrastructure of which 80% is devoted to AI. The 2025 free cash flow was amost $60 billion versus a forecasted figure of $8 billion for 2026. Zuckerberg owns 15% of META, but each share has ten voting rights attached to it. The result is a busines leader without accountability to anyone.  https://thetechcapital.com/coreweave-expands-meta-deal-by-21-billion-plots-4-25-billion-debt-raise/

A contact informed me yesterday that the Persian Gulf survey was completed in December of last year. But the plan to bypass the Red Sea using the Bahrain landing is now on hold due to the American and Israeli attack on Iran. This is a devastating blow to the project as the plan was to connect the cable landing at Bahrain to terrestrial Saudi fibre and haul the traffic overland to Jeddah where it would be put on SMW6 to Egypt. SMW6 was originally expected to be finished in December, 2024. This Persian Gulf bypass route was the consortium's main hope for finishing the project. Now everything depends on the resolution of the conflict.

I am building a thriving ecosystem around my yet-to-be-constructed Passive House. Jean, on the left, is a world class landscape architect and gardener. The plan includes a hundred large trees and 900 small ones, a large pond with running water, a greenhouse, a sauna building for the locals, and a 400 meter perimeter low energy home. Jean and I are discussing the final details prior to contract signature.

Marseille/Mumbai routes have limited capacity. No guarantee of timely repair. IAX is a new, state-of-the art system. IAX has the only high capacity Mumbai/Singapore route. A point is any major Mumbai carrier hotel. No separate backhaul charges. MRC is comprehensive. Z point is SG5. Terms up to five years. Three year 100G MRC: $35K. Volume discounts available. Customer is responsible for cross connects.

***It is a racing car: 135 ms RTD Marseille to Singapore. ***One year term. ***First come, first serve. ***No haggling over price. ***Customer orders cross connects. A point: SG1. Z point: MRS2. Important: If you don't buy, your wife will divorce, your boss hate you, and your children will put themselves up for adoption. Even the old lady living next door will shake her cane at you. Even your cat will head straight to the animal shelter. 🙃

 META Loses $310 Billion In Stock Value In March: The AI Meltdown Begins In March alone META's market cap fell $310 billion driven by poor financial performance. The key metric is free cash flow, which equals cash profits minus capital expenditures. In the end free cash flow is what investors want, namely oney they could put in their pockets without impairing company operations. META's free cash flow is expected to be only $8 billion this year down from a 2025 figure of $46 billion. The company's massive AI investments are not yielding much revenue and hence are driving free cash flow to zero.  Unfortunately, the emerging AI crash will affect our industry. I anticipate the very expensive Waterworth project could be cancelled as well as other projects. AI is Zuckerberg's second big mistake. The Metaverse was his first. He only remains CEO because he is the majority owner of a special class of voting shares that gives him ten votes per share versus one vote per share for ...

The Real Lessons of Iran's Attacks on AWS Data Centers 1. The Middle East is fundamentally unstable. The entire region is bedeviled by historic conflicts based on religious divisions (Shiite, Sunni, Christian, and Jewish), distrust between Europe and Islam going back to the Crusades and the Ottoman Empire, a lack of strong independent institutions, weak rule of law, lack of democratically legitimate governments, and limited acceptance of the notion of secularism (the idea that religion and government should be strictly separate to maximize freedom and ensure equal treatment). Even the so-called benevolent monarchies that border the Persian Gulf have absolute power and absolute power always corrupts in the end. Monarchies are outdated institutions. Don't imagine or suggest otherwise. Recent governments in the region have promised stability and peace, but extremism abounds. Israel's ethnic cleansing in Gaza, Afghanistan's repression of women, Trump's foolish acts of a...