Subsea Cables & Internet Infrastructure

A branching unit moving on a conveyor belt to be lowered into the ocean. Branching units have evolved from simply splitting the fibre pairs into two paths to switching fibre pairs and wavelengths. This enables bandwidth to be allocated to the path where demand is the greatest.

A point: IColo 1 or IColo 2. Z point: JB1. Term: 2 Years. Customer responisible for cross connects. 2Africa is the Lambourghini of African subsea cables. Better designed than other system with the possible exception of Equiano. Deeply buried in coastal waters and routed to avoid danger spots.

MRC: $32.5K. A point: Most Mumbai DCs. Z point: SG3.  Cable: IAX.

Marseille/Mumbai routes have limited capacity. No guarantee of timely repair. IAX is a new, state-of-the art system. IAX has the only high capacity Mumbai/Singapore route. A point is any major Mumbai carrier hotel. No separate backhaul charges. MRC is comprehensive. Z point is SG5. Terms up to five years. Three year 100G MRC: $35K. Volume discounts available. Customer is responsible for cross connects.

 African subsea cable leased capacity prices have bottomed around $18K to $22K MRC per 100G per month for Equiano and 2Africa. Examples include Lisbon to Lagos and Ghana to Lagos. Prices are not going lower. First of all, Google kept some Equiano capacity for itself and Facebook kept 4 of 2Africa's 16 pairs for itself. Moreover, 2Africa lands in over 25 countries. So average capacity per country excluding Facebook is approximately 6 Tbps. That figure would fall further if the Red Sea segment is ever completed. Finally, all consortium members for both cables are keeping some capacity for their own Internet backbones. Corroborating evidence that prices will remain stable is that consortium carriers are reluctant to sell wavelength or spectrum IRUs. Carriers sell IRUs for two reasons. The first is network asset portfolio rebalancing. If a carrier has plentiful capacity on cable X with relatively low pricing, it might sell an IRU to obtain capacity on cable Y that it can ...

***No European terrestrial routes are more subject to outages than those linking EU nations to Turkey via Bulgaria. Many so-called diverse routes share a common pinch point, namely the same conduit system alongside a Bulgarian road that goes to the Turkish border. Rumor has it that this conduit system was not properly permitted and hence lacks proper legal protection. Construction-caused outages are rampant on the Bulgarian side of the border. Outages peak in the summer.  ***Fully diverse diverse routes linking Sofia Telepoint to Mednautilus, Istanbul. Several border crossings. Three year 100G wave MRC: 6500€. No use of oil or gas pipelines. Two fully diverse 100G waves are 12K Euros.

LS1/PAIX Accra; 100G; Three Years; $25K MRC. London/Lagos; 10G; Three Years; $10K MRC. 2Africa cross connect charges are limited to $150 per month and the cable's reliability will be much better than SAT-3, MainOne, WACS, and ACE. It is buried deeper with better designed back haul and avoids the Congo and the Le Trou Sans Fond canyons. Note the Red Sea segment from Egypt to Oman is incomplete. There is no schedule for its completion.

1. ASE; 100G Wave; Tokyo/Singapore; $19K MRC; 2 Years. 2. AAE1; 10G Wave; Marseille/Singapore; $3,500 MRC; 3 Years. 3. Juno; 100G Wave; Tokyo/LA; $16,461 MRC; 3 Years. 4. ADC; 100G Wave; HK/Singapore; $12.3K MRC; 3 Years. 5. Faster; 100G Wave; TY2/Coresite LA; $18.2k MRC; 3 Years.

The eight fibre pair ADC system went live in November of last year. Its design capacity is slightly above 160 Tbps. Consortium members and large capacity owners include China Telecom, China Unicom, PLDT (the Philippine incumbent), Singtel, Softbank, TATA, and Vietel. TATA owns a fibre pair marketed under its own brand, TGN-IA2. NEC built the Asia Direct Cable. ADC 100G pricing for the Singapore to Tokyo route varies from $13.5K to $18.5K MRC on three year contracts. If you wish to avoid Chinese carriers, yet enjoy competitive pricing, TATA is a good choice. By a Chinese carrier I mean a network licensed to operate in mainland China and hence subject to its national security laws. These laws dictate that Chinese operators must cooperate with Chinese national security agencies. That's a big problem. In contrast, as just one example, Apple refused to cooperate with the FBI on unlocking a phone in an investigation. So there is a clear difference between China and the Wes...

AAE1; $21.5K MRC; Two Year Term. Peace; $17.5K MRC; One Year Term. A points: MRS2. Z points: SG1/SG3. Customer responsible for cross connects.

 The Coherent Optics Revolution: Transcending 10G Wavelengths - Part 1 The first stage of optical communication was dominated by what Mark Tinka called the simple optical detection scheme. A pulse of laser light represented a '1' and no light meant a '0' or vice versa. Cisco white papers call this 'on-off signalling'. So this approach is based on the optical power or intensity of light. The stronger a light pulse, the higher its amplitude. See the top diagram.  The Achilles of this approach is chromatic dispersion, namely that fact different frequencies of light traverse a solid medium such as fibre glass at different speeds. Now any laser pulse is a band of frequencies. It may be narrow, but it always has non-zero width. So chromatic dispersion is inevitable (like Donald Trump continuously changing tariff rates). As the fibre path distance grows, the probable outcome is that a laser might transmit a '1 0' but the light will spread over time and the opt...

A point: MRS1; Z point: SG1; Express Route; $31.5K MRC; 1 Year. Target RFS Date : Mid of June, 2025

 1. APG Cable; 100G; Hong Kong/Singapore; $8500 MRC; 1 Year. 2. ADC; 100G; Tokyo/Singapore; $13,850 MRC; 1 Year. 3. ASE; 100G; Tokyo/Singapore; $18,000 MRC; 1 Year. 4. ASE; 100G; HK/Tokyo; $8,500 MRC; 1 Year. 5. ASE; 100G; HK/Singapore; $5500 MRC; 1 Year Remarks: Customers responsible for cross connects. Pricing is the same whether from CLS to CLS or carrier neutral POP to carrier neutral POP.

Mombasa/Dar es Salaam; $15,100; 1 Year; 2Africa. Mombasa/Djibouti; $15,100; 1 Year; 2Africa. Mombasa/Amanzimtoti; $18,100; 1 Year; 2Africa. Capetown/Amanzimtoti; $10,900; 1 Year; 2Africa.

***5x 100Gs; CT1/LS1; Equiano The Stable Cable; $21K MRC Per Wave ***1x 100G; Johannesberg Teraco/London; WACS; $29.5K;Protected Back Haul; Photo credit: submarinenetworks.com

Won't last more than few days. Layer 1. 100G Wavelength. Marseille Interxion to Singapore Equinix. Buy now or your boss will forever loathe you. 😃

Optical wavelengths are composed of fundamental building blocks known as optical container units. The industry has recognized that current wavelength transmission rates are too chunky or insufficiently granular. There are limited number of sizes with many customers struggling to justify the leap from 100G to the relatively new 400G standard. Or even the 10G to 100G leap. On the supplier side the limited size options of wavelengths can lead to stranded spectrum. For example, you might have enough spectrum for 5G or 150G or 650G. In all these cases the stranded capacity represents lost revenue in a cut throat, ferociously competitive wholesale market. In general network operators struggle to achieve their targeted rates of return on capital because they are selling quasi-homogeneous products in a market where price comparisons are easy and buyers have strong incentive to minimize costs.  The ODUflex standard was introduced in part to create wavelengths below the 2.5G level. The funda...

1. Equiano 100G; LS1, Lisbon/OADC, Lagos; $18.5K MRC; Two Year Term. 2. WACS 100G; LS1/Abidjan CLS; $34.5K MRC; Three Year Term. 3. Equiano 100G; LS1/Capetown Terraco; $20.5K MRC; Two Year Term. 4. 2Africa 100G; LS1/2Africa CLS, Congo; $38.5K MRC, Three Year Term. 5. Route Protected 100G; Capetown CT1-CT2/JB2; $7,800 MRC; Three Year Term.

Southern Cross subsea cable system is implementing ODUflex, which is a relatively new ITU standard that allows granular Layer 1 bandwidth. No longer are we limited to 100G, 400G, and 800G for either subsea or terrestrial networks. Interestingly enough, Hauwei proposed the new standard and was its primary champion. All wavelengths consist of optical containers and ODUflex allows optical containers to be stacked at 1.25 Gps intervals. So you can lease 1.25 Gbps wavelength up to 400G in 1.25 Gbps increments. Note that port sizes are still 10G, 100G, 400G or 800G. So to access a 150G transmission rate the customer needs 400G intefaces. Ciena is one of the the vendors to implement ODUflex along with Hauwei. More details here: https://lnkd.in/dZvNbubc. It is worth noting that granular bandwidth is being implemented on the newer cables which Southern Cross owns like Next.  The commercial motivation is poor take up of 400G wavelengths. The only real customers for 400Gs are very big bandwi...

London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Zurich, Marseille, Madrid, Munich, Vienna, and many more are Layer 1 400G wave ready. Standard three year pricing is under 3000€ per month plus at least 1200 Euros a month in cross connect savings over buying 4x 100Gs. Many routes have been completely redone including conduit and ILAs with new ultra-low loss fibre and unique city approaches.