Subsea Cables & Internet Infrastructure

The Echo cable is a 12 fibre network directly linking Singapore to California with with a Guam branching unit. Bifrost, the other cable connecting Singapore and the US, also lands in Bifrost. I believe each cable effectively serves as backup for the other because traffic can be rerouted at Guam. Both cables are only 12 fibre pairs due to the great distances involved. Its design capacity is 260 Tbps. A key feature of both Bifrost and Echo is they bypass the South China Sea even though it is part of the shortest path between Singapore and the US West Coast. Hence Chinese permits are avoided, resiliency is improved since most Intra-Asian traffic traverses the South China Sea, and the cable is more protected from Chinese tapping or attack. However, it does come as a price. The cable must be buried quite deep through the shallow Indonesian waters to minimize fishing boat or anchor damage. And Indonesia is quite slow to issue permits for new subsea cables. So two cables likely...

JAKO is a high capacity cable connecting Korea and Japan via a Busan, Korea, and a Fukuoka, Japan landing. Busan is a major Korean cable landing spot. Nine cables including JAKO land in Busan. The cable's consortium consists of Microsoft, Amazon, Arteria (important Japanese back haul carrier), and the Korean Dreamline company. Dreamline is a Korean carrier that provides tower services, metro and long haul connectivity. It is increasingly common for hyperscalers to team up with competitive carriers in Asia because the regional PTTs are viewed as difficult, slow to make decisions, and too concerned about protecting their home turf. Uncooperative is hyperscaler diplomatic language to describe the telecom incumbents. NTT is an exception to this generalization. Obviously this cable reflects Microsoft and Amazon's cloud and AI ambitions. No public information is available on the number of fibre pairs. Given the fixed costs associated with cable deployment and rapidly growing traffic,...

MRC: $32.5K. A point: Most Mumbai DCs. Z point: SG3.  Cable: IAX.